Julius Caesar

Marble bust of Julius Caesar kept at the National Archaeological Museum in Naples . (See Portraits ) Country Roman Republic Title Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar Divus Other title Dictator Successor Second Triumvirate Awards Pater patriae Other functions Quaestor curule aediles Pontifex maximus Praetor Consul Dictator Biography Dynasty Julio-Claudian Birth 12 or 13 July 100 BC. BC or 102 BC. AD Rome , Roman Republic Death 15 March 44 BC. AD Rome , Roman Republic Father Gaius Julius Caesar III Mother Aurelia Cotta Joint Cossutia ( -85 to -84 ) 1 , 2 Cornelia Cinna ( -84 to -68 ) Pompeia Sulla ( -68 to -63 ) Calpurnia Pisoni ( -59 to -44 )

Children Julia Ptolemy XV ( Caesarion ) 3 Auguste (for adoption) change Julius Caesar ( Latin  : CAIV IVLIVS • • CAESAR Bins • IV at birth IMPERATOR CAIV • • • IVLIVS CAESAR • • divv after his death) is a general , politician and writer Roman , born in Rome on 12 or 13 July 100 av. AD and died on 15 March 44 BC. BC (the Ides of March ) 4 . His exceptional destiny marked the Roman world and world history: an ambitious and brilliant, he leaned on the current reformer and demagogue to rise to political strategist and skillful tactician, he pushed the Roman frontier to the Rhine and the Atlantic Ocean by conquering Gaul , then used his legions to seize power. He had himself appointed dictator for life, and was murdered soon after by a conspiracy of car transport senators . He was deified and his adopted son Octavian , who won Mark Antony , completed the reform of the Roman Republic , which gave way to the principate and the Roman Empire . Summary  [ hide ] A Biography 1.1 Origin 1.2 The youth of Caesar 1.3 The Rise of Caesar 1.4 Triumvirate and Consulate 1.5 Proconsul in Gaul 1.6 The political standoff 1.7 The Civil War 1.8 The triumph 1.9 Absolute power 1.10 The plot 1.11 The Death of Caesar 1.12 Funerals and wills 1.13 After Caesar 2 Julius Caesar writer 3 The legacy of free ipad Cesar 3.1 Policy reforms 3.2 The architectural 3.3 The reorganization of Rome 3.4 Currencies 3.5 The schedule 3.6 The title of Caesar 4 origin of the name Caesar 5 The family of Caesar 5.1 His parents solar panels 5.2 Her sisters 5.3 His wives 5.4 His children 6 The amorous conquests of Caesar 6.1 Women in the Roman high society 6.2 Queens 7 The health of Caesar 7.1 Gaucherie 8 works inspired by the life of free ipad Caesar 8.1 Middle Ages 8.2 From the Renaissance to the modern age 8.3 Modern Works 9 Quotes 10 Portraits 11 Chronology 11.1 His life 2.11 Its magistrates 12 Bibliography 1.12 Authors of Antiquity 12.2 Modern Authors 13 Notes and references 14 See also Biography

Origin Caesar claimed to have an ancestor lulus (or Ascanius ), son of Aeneas and Creusa , brought to Italy by his father after the fall of Troy . The founder of Alba-la-Longue was considered the creator of the old family Iuliia which, according to the Emperor Claude , then joined the patricians of Rome 5 . In this lineage, Caesar claimed, when pronounced the eulogy of his aunt Julia, ancestry back to Venus 6 he will celebrate the virtues progenitor (Venus Genetrix). The Iuliia family were historically known patrician minor, who exercised some consulates but was not included in the i st  century BC. AD , the fifty families nobilitas who provided most of the consuls. The Julii experienced reversals of fortune, and Julius Caesar grew up in a modest house in the slum of Subura , disreputable 7 . Gaius Julius Caesar, the future Julius Caesar, was born around 100 BC. AD , son of Gaius Julius Caesar III and Aurelia Cotta , also patrician home. Despite the historical sources, the precise date of his birth is uncertain: the 12 July 8 or July 13 9 100 BC. AD 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 or 102 BC. AD 14 , 15 . According to Tacitus , mixing maternal devotion and firm discipline, his mother Aurelia gives Caius and his sisters Julia an exemplary education 16 . Cicero to give this family education and diligent study of the elegant Latin of Caesar and the quality of its Eloquence 17 . Plutarch and Suetonius also highlight the art of relationships in society throughout his life, kindness and courtesy to his guests lavishly without restraint, good manners and good behavior at banquets ( Cato , who nevertheless hates him given that it is the only ambitious do not get drunk) conversation brilliant and cultured 18 . These qualities of seduction will be its first asset in public life of Rome. Her father, Gaius Julius Caesar III does not exceed, in his political career, the rank of praetor chiropractic marketing in 92 BC. AD , and died suddenly one morning putting her shoes 19 ; Caesar is fifteen years old at 20 . His uncle, Sextus Julius Caesar III , won the consulate in 91 BC. AD but died at the headquarters of Asculum during the Social War . Youth Caesar The youth of Julius Caesar in a context of violent political struggles: the optimates to populares . The first hold a conservative line and place the aristocratic Roman Senate in the heart of the Republic. The latter are to meet social demands and make more room for political Italians and provincial . Julius Caesar grows well in the middle of bloody unrest ( Civil War ): street fighting in Rome in 88 BC. AD between supporters of Gaius Marius , leader of the populares , and those of Sylla , and win legions of Sylla the Marianists at the gates of Rome in 82 BC. AD , followed by ruthless manhunts against the outlaws of the other side. Family relations among Julius Caesar put populares in Roman politics. His aunt Julia was the wife of the consul Marius and himself married in 84 BC. BC Cornelia Cinna the daughter of Cinna , Marius’ successor. Despite these family alliances, Julius Caesar does not seem to have joined the Marianists the most extreme during the civil war they waged against Sylla . It is possible that Caesar has followed the moderates when they align themselves with Sylla 21 . In 84 BC. BC Caesar is chosen (or is a candidate) to the priesthood of flamen dialis (first priest of Jupiter) following the suicide of Lucius Cornelius Merula in the proscriptions Marianists. This honorary position forbids any warlike activity, thus beginning the Curriculum honorum . Sylla requires that Caesar divorce Cornelia Cinna and thus breaking its last links with the Marianists. Caesar refuses and has to hide, until the powerful protectors, including his uncle Aurelius Cotta, do bend Sylla and stop the hunt. Sylla himself has since blocked his appointment as Flamen Dialis and prohibitions that accompanied (as well as the dowry of his wife and part of his legacy). Prudent, Caesar left Rome 22 . He enrolled to 80 BC. AD in the army and joined with the praetor Marcus Minucius Thermus theater of military operations in Asia , where Lucullus besieged Mytilene , the capital of Lesbos , which had joined Mithridates VI . pastry Caesar receives the mission to road rage ask the king of Bithynia Nicomedes IV reinforcement of its fleet. Suetonius echoes a rumor on the reputation of Caesar, reporting that it would have had sex with passive Nicomedes, the most despicable vice the eyes of the Romans. This suspicion, which can be heavy and classic joke among soldiers, rather than a reality unprovable, follow Caesar, from the insulting comments of his opponents until his final triumph 23 . When taking of Mytilene, Caesar accomplished a feat that historians do not specify, but which is rewarded with a civic crown, the most glorious military decoration, usually awarded for saving lives in combat with a fellow citizen. Caesar is still in Cilicia under the orders of Servilius Isauricus and was demobilized. On the death of Sulla in 79 BC. BC , Caesar remained some time in Asia. According to Plutarch , in his journey to the Aegean Sea , is abducted by pirates from Cilicia who are imprisoned for 38 days on the island of Farmakonisi and suspension lift kits demanded a ransom of twenty talents of gold. Caesar said to be worth fifty, and promises to return the pirates run after his release, he does actually. Then he perfected his eloquence to the famous rhetorician Greek Molon of Rhodes 24 . Back in Rome, he began his public life by a bold stroke: he sues the proconsul Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella who has just completed its mandate in Macedonia and accused of extortion . Despite the eloquence of Caesar and the many witnesses he cites, the target has too much political weight: Dolabella was acquitted, probably by class solidarity with judges from all of the Senate 25 . Cesar tries one second and brilliant attack against Gaius Antonius Hybrida , which nearly succeeded. Antonius had to resort to the intervention of the tribunes of the people to escape a conviction 26 . The rise of Caesar

Caesar (marble from the antique), the Tuileries Gardens . Caesar is Cell Phone Accessories actively developing its relations, spending a lot in receptions, and began the journey classical political ( honorum course ): engagement ring a military tribune , quaestor in 69 BC. AD in Spain , and aedile in 65 BC. AD , it captures for the people by restoring the power of the denver personal injury lawyer tribunes of the people and raising statues of Marius . Responsible for organizing the games , he borrowed heavily to give spectacular, according to Plutarch aligning the record number of 320 pairs of gladiators 27 . Meanwhile, Caesar pursues its judicial work, for reasons that flatter the course of populares . In 64 BC. AD , he filed lawsuits against former supporters of Sulla, did condemn Lucius and Lucius Liscius Bellienus, paid for having brought the head of outlaws. But it fails against Catiline , jurors refusing to convict a member of the old family Cornelii 28 . The following year in 63 BC. AD , with the help of tribune of the people Titus Labienus , Caesar attempts a coup in legal extravagant charges of high treason syllanien old senator Gaius Rabirius old facts for thirty-seven years: the murder of the tribune the plebs Saturninus . The case is unprecedented since the legendary trial of Horace . Cicero defends the Rabirius ( Rabirio Pro ), but the two judges appointed by the lender are none other than Caesar himself and his cousin Sextus. Rabirius convicted, but appealed to the Roman people, his trial before the comitia was postponed and finally abandoned the case is 29 . Caesar was elected in 63 BC. AD under the Pontifex Maximus with a campaign funded by Crassus . He spends large sums of money and contracted many debts in order to win the votes of the comitia tributes , against two formidable rivals ( Servilius Isauricus and Q. Catulus ), older and more dignified than he 30 , 31 . As usual, Caesar moved into the residence of the pontiff to Regia , and exercise the function of great Pope until his death. Main article: Conspiracy of Catiline . Designated urban praetor for the following year when the conspiracy of Catiline ( 63 BC. ) 32 , it does nothing to prevent it weight loss pills and is suspected of complicity 33 . Sallust , who is a supporter of Caesar, attributes these maneuvers slanderous suspicions of Q. Catulus and C. Piso, Caesar’s political opponents. Appian for its part considers that Cicero does not dare to challenge Caesar because of its popularity 34 . In the vote in the Senate on the fate of the accomplices of Catiline, Caesar opposes their immediate execution by pleading the illegality of an execution without trial, but his opinion is defeated after the intervention of Cato 35 . Sent as propraetor in Betic ( Spain ) in 60 BC. AD , it can not start after giving bonds to creditors 36 . His hasty departure from Rome is motivated by his desire to escape legal action possibly committed by the end of his office. Cesar takes his first command in an offensive against the people Iberians still unsubdued. Having pacified the province, he returned to Rome in order to scroll triumph for his military success and to run the consulate . But the preparations for the triumph require it to park outside Rome, and there must be present for applications on time. He requested a waiver, that Cato dragged into palaver. Caesar must choose, and gives up his triumph to target the consulate 37 . Triumvirate and Consulate The man most prominent on that date is Pompey , after his victory in the East against King Mithridates VI Eupator . This campaign has allowed Rome to expand in Bithynia , at Bridge and Syria . Pumped back covered with glory with his legions, but according to the rule, he dismisses after receiving the triumph in 61 BC. AD . At the height of glory, Pompey demand of land for his former soldiers and confirmation of the benefits promised to the cities and princes of the East, but the Senate refused. Cesar operates timely disappointment of Pompey, Crassus the approaches, and forms with them the first triumvirate 38 . This agreement seals a secret alliance between the three men, each failing to carry out actions harmful to one of three 39 . Caesar strengthens the alliance shortly after by marrying his daughter Julia to Pompey. hcg diet plan Main article: First Triumvirate . With funding his campaign by Crassus, Caesar was elected consul in 59 BC. AD , especially in rallying to his cause Lucius Lucceius one of his potential competitors 39 . During his tenure, he leaves his Conservative colleague, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus a shadow of authority. Bibulus and Cato multiply the actions of obstruction against Caesar, but they are driven from the forum during the promulgation of an agrarian law. Following this incident, Bibulus withdraws his home until the end of his term, leaving the power to Caesar, who has only 40 , 41 . The Roman historian Suetonius reported a few lines describing the political situation: “What Caesar did, who among us does not know? – This has done Bibulus, I still looking. ” Caesar can now legislate as an orator, in the words of Plutarch, meet the demands of the populares , make pledges to Pompey and win new supporters among the knights and Provincial ignoring the protests of senators Lucullus and Cato , he ratify the initiatives of Pompey, who had reorganized the principalities of the Middle East without consulting the Senate, he promulgated several laws agrarian distribution to veterans of Pompey plots of public land (the ager publicus ), making Capua a colony Roman , purchase of land to individuals who are then distributed to 20,000 poor citizens. The reduction of one third of the rent owed ​​by publicans to the state is a boon for knights , businessmen and bankers ( lex of publicans ) 42 . His law against extortion ( lex Iulia of repetundis ) finally allows fines to punish the provincial governors who trade their actions or engage in financial abuses 43 . Finally, place the Senate under the control of public opinion by publishing the minutes of the meeting ( News senatus ) 41 . This political activity is consistent with a social event supported: Suetonius 44 ready to Caesar and other mistresses wives of Crassus and Pompey, and, what seems better attested, Servilia ‘s half-sister of Cato 45 . More formally, Caesar married Calpurnia , the daughter of Calpurnius Piso , consul-elect for the following year, which ensures a future political protection. Caesar is another ally in the person of Clodius Pulcher , who had courted his previous wife, however, satisfying a query that was close to his heart: his place of barter patrician to that of plebeian and apply and the election of tribune the common people . Caesar took advantage of his popularity to prepare the next stage of his career: normally, the Senate extended the term of a consul by the proconsul of a province for a year. Caesar circumvents this rule with the help of tribune of the plebs Publius Vatinius  : it makes the people a vote by plebiscite, which assigns to Caesar for five years and two provinces, Cisalpine Gaul and the Illyria , with command of three Legions ( lex Vatinia ). To save affiliate marketing a color of authority, the Senate gives it more of Transalpine Gaul , and a fourth legion 46 . Suetonius reports that Caesar, boasting the Senate to be finally achieved his goals, and promising a victory in Gaul, was an insult to one of his many opponents who said “It will not be easy for a woman “. Caesar replied that this had not prevented Semiramis reign over the Assyrians , and the Amazons of old have much of Asia 46 . Proconsul in Gaul

The military campaigns of Julius Caesar in Gaul By the end of his consulship, Caesar is rapidly gaining Gaul, while the praetor Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus and tribune of the people Antistius cite it in court to answer charges of unlawful acts committed during his tenure. Late lawyer, Caesar objection by the other tribunes that he could be cited under the law Memmia 47 , which prohibited any action against a citizen absent from Rome for the service of the Republic. To avoid any questioning in court, will apply during Caesar’s proconsul to remain in their provinces. He spends every winter in Cisalpine Gaul , where he received supporters and fundraisers each year and makes sure to have with the elected magistrates in Rome which are favorable 48 . The management of its affairs in Rome itself was entrusted to his secretary Lucius Cornelius Balbus , a knight of Spanish origin, with whom he exchanged a precaution of encrypted mail 49 . Early in her proconsul, Caesar engages the conquest of Gaul by taking advantage of the migration of the Helvetii in March 58 BC. AD . The military expedition was motivated by his political ambitions, but also by economic interests that combine the Romans some Gallic nations client of Rome ( Aedui , Arverni , etc.). Main article: Gallic Wars . While leading his campaigns, Caesar maintains its relations with the political class Roman Quintus , the brother of Cicero command a legion in Belgium 50 , Publius and Marcus, the son of Crassus intervene in Belgium and in Aquitaine 51  , ​​Lucius Plancus Munatius 52 , and Marc Anthony will be at Alesia 53 . In Rome, the Conservatives react to Caesar’s war: the battle against the Germanic Ariovistus , who is a friend of the Roman people, when given the consulate of Caesar, shocked Cato, who proclaims that he must compensate for this betrayal of the Roman word Caesar engaged the Germans 54 . Caesar will be justified at length in his comments detailing his preliminary negotiations cash advance with custom t shirts Ariovistus aggressive, making it even say that “if he killed [Caesar], it would make a nice thing to many political leaders of Rome, as ( Ariovistus) had learned from the messages of those whose death would bring him the friendship ” 55 . In Storage Containers 56 BC. BC , Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus , a candidate supported by the Consulate Cato and Cicero , the program makes the removal and replacement of Caesar. Always have to be limited in Gaul, Caesar met at Lucca Crassus, Pompey and all the senators who support them. They renew all three of their agreement and set a share of the provinces 56 . Ahenobarbus and Cato were attacked in the open forum and barred from campaigning. Pompey and Crassus enjoy the support of Caesar to win elections and be elected for a second consulship in 55 BC. AD 57 . Cicero has obligations to Pompey, that it reminded him sharply through his brother Quintus 58 . Cicero inclines and supports the extension of Caesar’s government for another five years 59 At the end of their consulate in 54 BC. AD , everyone gets the government of a province by Crassus in Asia seek military glory which equal those of Pompey and Caesar, the Spanish and the African are attributed to Pompey, Online Teacher Professional Development who prefers to stay in Rome center of power, and sent his legates to govern. Of the four legions assigned, ready in two Pompey to Caesar, who needs reinforcements 57 . During his second term, in 55 BC. BC , Caesar crossed the Channel and makes a first foray into Britain (modern Great Britain ) 60 , and almost mythical land known to the Romans of the time 61 . Later, he produced another feat by a military demonstration beyond the Rhine . But from the winter 54 / 53 Ave. AD , the situation is deteriorating in Gaul, revolts and multiply. In 53 BC. BC , Bins the defeat and death of Crassus and his son Publius to the Battle of Carrhae against the Parthians , and the death of Julia , daughter of Caesar and Pompey’s wife and the child she had Pompey had defeated the triumvirate of links 62 , 63 . Pompey Caesar offers the hand of his great-niece Octavia , and asked her to marry the daughter of Pompey, but offers matrimonial alliances fail 64 . The beginning of the year 52 BC. AD is difficult for Caesar in Gaul the revolt spreads under the leadership of the Arverne Vercingetorix . In Rome, the disorder is payday loan such that Pompey was appointed sole consul, with the consent of Cato and the Conservatives. Pompey married Cornelia, the young widow of Publius Crassus and the daughter of conservative Metellus Scipio , he is in the middle of the year as a colleague in the consulate 65 . Pompey is now the defender of the conservative clan.

Vercingetorix lay down its arms at the feet of Julius Caesar after the siege of Alesia . Table of Lionel Royer , 1899 . In 52 BC. BC , Julius Caesar won a decisive victory at the siege of Alesia , where he received the surrender of Vercingetorix 66 . In 51 BC. AD , after quashing the latest outbreaks of revolt, Caesar asserts the sovereignty of Rome in the territories of Gaul located west of the Rhine . According Velleius Paterculus in nine campaigns, we do find only one in which Caesar would not have won the victory , and massacred more than four hundred thousand of the enemy and made ​​prisoners more still 63 . For Plutarch , the conquest of Gaul was one of the greatest victories of Rome and Caesar his commanding place among the most famous Roman generals, such as Fabius , the Metelli , the Scipios 67 . “In less than ten years that took his war in Gaul, he stormed over eight hundred cities, he submitted three hundred different nations, and fought in several battles against three enemies million, of which he has killed one million and made ​​many prisoners. » 67 While he finishes his term as proconsul, Caesar prepares his return to Rome by the Roman conquest of opinion: it responds to criticism of his conduct of the war by the publication of his Commentary on the Gallic Wars , sober account made when he comes to his advantage, then 51 BC. AD , he announced the construction of a magnificent new forum , funded by the spoils of Gaul, on which stands the temple dedicated to Venus Genetrix he is supposed to go down. The goal of Caesar is now to stand for election 50 BC. AD for a second consulship in 49 BC. AD , in accordance with the law which imposes a ten-year interval between each consulate. To avoid the attack to justice as he has sworn Caton and prevent him from campaigning, he must keep his mandate proconsul in Gaul, and be a candidate despite his absence from Rome. The political standoff

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Pompey , Caesar’s adversary In Rome, the Conservatives will do everything 100 day loans to prevent the proposed nomination of Caesar. In 50 BC. BC , Caesar pursues its political distance from Cisalpine Gaul: he was elected Antony tribune of the people for the following year. Soldiers debts of the tribune of the plebs Curio , he does let go and move on Pompey’s side 68 . Finally, it neutralizes one of the consuls, Lucius Aemilius Paullus , by paying funds for the renovation of the Basilica Aemilia on the forum 69 . However his lieutenant Servius Sulpicius Galba, candidate for the consulate to 49 was defeated, and elected consuls Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus and Gaius Claudius Marcellus fiercely hostile to it. The Conservatives are busy too, and make contacts with Labienus , Caesar’s lieutenant the best 70 . At the end of the year 50 BC. AD , the first passages of arms are in the process of law and take place in the Senate . The tribune Curio proposed that Pompey and Caesar simultaneously dismissing their troops, the consuls opposing 71 . The Senate decided that Pompey and Caesar each send a legion to prepare for war against the Parthians. Pompey chose the I st legion, he had lent to Caesar, Caesar returns the XV th and must divest itself of two legions and (he retains nine, which accompanies a Cisalpine Gaul while others winter in Gaul) 72 . Pompey sent two legions to winter quarters in southern Italy. Along the way, their officers engaged in an intense disinformation, claiming that Caesar had become hateful and hated by his soldiers, Pompey and lead to under-estimate 73 . Always through Curio and Marc Anthony, now tribune, Caesar tries a new proposal: he agreed to keep only two legions and the government of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyria, provided they accepted his application at the Consulate . Despite the search for a compromise by Cicero , Cato refused a private citizen impose its conditions on the state, the new consul Lentulus carried away and expelled from the Denver Divorce Lawyer Senate Curio and Marc Anthony. The historian Velleius Paterculus acknowledge Curio to be responsible for the break, while Appian present Marc Anthony as the initiator of the dispute. According to Plutarch, “It was give to Caesar the most specious pretexts of all”  : attack the tribunes of the people, representatives of the people sacrosanct! The Senate decreed that Caesar should leave his post of governor and return to Rome as a private 74 . The Civil War Caesar might look like the victim of aggressive and conservative as the defender of the tribunes of the plebs 75 . Taking the initiative of illegality, he decided in January 49 BC. AD weapons from entering Italy, and crossed the Rubicon river marking the border between Italy and Cisalpine Gaul . Plutarch and Suetonius depict this historic and attribute the quote to Caesar “  is jacta Alea  ” ( “The die is cast.” ), meaning he was trying for the 76 . For Caesar, there are only two outcomes: death and dishonor and victory and power. It builds on the boldness and rapidity of his movements and military experience and loyalty of his legions, and stands out from the atrocities of the previous civil war through its leniency policy, exercising or proscriptions or retaliation. Main article: Alea is jacta .

Journey of Caesar in January 49 BC. BC -August 47 BC. BC – Crossing the Rubicon , the battle of Dyrrachium , the battle of Pharsalia , Alexandria and the Battle of Zela . Caesar is growing rapidly to Rome without resistance, and adds to its strengths three legions that Pompey had begun to rise. Pompey gets troops to Capua , and retreated to Brindisi Discount Judaica products where he wrote to all provincial governors to mobilize against Caesar. The consuls, Cato , Bibulus , and even moderate senators like Cicero fled in haste, to join Pompey Brindisi and sailed for Dyrrachium in Epirus 77 . Without fleet, Caesar can not continue. During the few days he spent in Rome, he reassured the senators stayed behind, offers the people a distribution of corn, promising a donation of 75 pence for every citizen and gives Roman citizenship to the inhabitants of Cisalpine Gaul. Recognizing the people will refer to the dictator in his absence. Secured the support of Italy, he entrusts the management of Rome Lepidus , sends Curio seize the Sicily and Sardinia, ensuring the supply of wheat in Rome, frees the former Jewish king Aristobulus II to the send in Syria with two legions and prevent Pompey to mobilize troops. But supporters of Pompey poisoned Aristobulus 78 . Caesar himself will Hispania submit the legates of Pompey. When the year 49 BC. BC ends, Caesar was master of Italy, Gaul and Spain, but his lieutenants suffered setbacks: Curio was killed in Africa , Gaius Antonius was taken prisoner in Illyria , and best lieutenant Titus Labienus joined the camp of Pompey, who raised an army on the Eastern provinces and kingdoms allies of Rome. Pompeian fleet controls the Adriatic , ready to land in Italy. The following year in January 48 BC. BC , Caesar was elected consul, continuing its strategy based on the initiative and speed of movement, it takes a considerable risk by crossing the Adriatic in the winter and surprises Pompey in Epirus . Created difficulties during the siege of Dyrrachium , where he locked up for four months Pompey, Caesar was forced to retreat, attracting Pompey in Thessaly . In August 48 BC. BC , driven by his entourage, Pompey accepted the battle. Despite the advantage of numbers, he was defeated at Pharsalus . Cicero and Brutus go to Caesar, who welcomed them warmly. Cato and Labienus flee Africa , Pompey fled to Asia , then to Cyprus , where he won the Egypt , thinking to get help in the young pharaoh whose he had once protected the father 79 . Main articles: Battle of Dyrrachium (48 BC.) and Battle of Pharsalia . Caesar arrives at Alexandria, beginning October 48 in which he finds in horror, the body of Pompey, ordered the murder of the young Ptolemy XIII 80 . Caesar spent Storage Containers the winter of 48/47 in Alexandria, and war ensued between Ptolemy and Caesar. The latter has only a small number and must lead a tough fight, during an engagement on the island of Pharos , it is even forced to flee by swimming. He emerged victorious from the confrontation in March 47, and dethroned the young sovereign in favor of Cleopatra VII and his younger brothers 80 , 81 .

Caesar’s journey end 47 BC. BC in February 46 BC. AD – The passage of Caesar in Africa and the battle of Thapsus . In Egypt, Caesar went to Asia (from July to August 47 BC. ), to suppress Pharnaces II , son of former King of Pont Mithridates , who took advantage of the civil war to regain the territories and reassert its authority. On the fifth day of his arrival within four hours of combat in a single best auto insurance battle ( Battle of Zela ), Caesar and dethroned crush Pharnaces 80 . On this occasion he wrote website hosting to the Senate the famous words: “  Veni, vidi, vici  ” to express the ease with which electronic cigarettes he had overcome his opponent’s 82 . Back in Italy, Caesar has to deal with the insubordination of the soldiers stationed in Campania . He gets to Rome, and manages to bring them about the threat to dismiss 83 . Then Caesar enters Africa late 47 BC. BC , where he spent the winter. It destroyed at the battle of Thapsus Republican Army, commanded by Metellus Scipio and Cato of Utica and their ally the King Numidian Juba I st (February 46 BC. ) 84  ; Metellus Scipio and Juba die in battle , Cato committed suicide at Utica to avoid being captured, Titus Labienus took refuge in Spain. The annexation of Numidia added to the conquests of Caesar. Main article: Battle of Thapsus . The triumph

Bust of Julius Caesar in armor, Palace of Versailles When Caesar returned to Rome, peace has returned, Italy has not experienced the horrors of previous wars. All writers praise the clemency of Caesar, who hosted the Pompeians without restriction on their way and exerted no proscription Relevant Life Policies against the political class. Caesar can tell the people that the annexation of Gaul and Numidia and the protectorate of the Egypt will allow to obtain wheat and oil in abundance and finally solve the problems of supply of Rome. In August and September 46, Caesar celebrated a fourfold triumph his victories over the Gauls, Pontus, Egypt and Numidia. The length and pomp of the ceremonies, the enormity of the booty overshadow all previous triumphs. At each ceremony, Caesar dressed in purple tank runs in the Sacred Way , followed by the plunder, captives 85 , soldiers are free to punctuate the jokes most daring of him. To mount the Capitol to offer sacrifice to electronic cigarette review the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus , Caesar’s chariot passes between two rows of elephants who hold torches. Caesar offers the people of plays, races, contests of athletes, performances by hunting and gladiatorial combat re-enactments of land and water, it is the first naumachia shown in Rome. Public banquets together nearly 200 000 guests 86 . The sale of booty reports over 600 million sesterces 87 , and the money is distributed to flood: vps hosting the 75 funds that Caesar had promised are given to each citizen , with 25 pence more to compensate for the delay, the legionnaires are 24 000 sesterces each, and plots of land. Rents of less than 1000 sesterces in Rome and within 500 sesterces in Italy are canceled 88 . Most Claims populares are now satisfied, and Caesar undertakes the reforms necessary for the administration of the Roman world. He is conducting a census, and adjust downward the number of recipients of distributions of wheat. It compensates for this measure by installing 80,000 poor citizens and demobilized soldiers in new colonies in the provinces, including Carthage and Corinth, he rebuilt it. Absolute power

Caesar’s journey of December 46 BC. AD to April 45 BC. AD – The arrival of Caesar in Hispania (Spain) and the Battle of Munda . The peace lasted only a few months. In 46 BC. AD , the last party Pompeian forces in Spain rose up, led by Pompey the Younger , son of Pompey, Titus Labienus . Consul for the fourth time, Caesar arrived by forced marches in Spain in December 46 BC. AD. This war is long and no thank you, with performances on both sides. Caesar completed in April 45 BC. BC ‘s last opponents Munda , in the fiercest battle of the civil wars 89 . Delayed by illness, his young nephew Octavian joined him in Spain despite the dangers of the journey, that Caesar gesture highly appreciated. In the last testament he wrote, he declared adopted Octavian and heir designate as primary with other heir Pedius Quintus , his other nephew who fought alongside him in Spain 90 . Main article: Battle of Munda . Returning to Rome in October 45 BC. BC , Caesar is celebrating its fifth triumph . Caesar is a political mistake committed by Plutarch highlight 91  : the rule is a triumph honors a victory over an enemy people of Rome, which is not the case in the civil war. Neither Pompey winner of Sertorius , no winner of the Marianist Sylla had celebrated triumphs. In addition, two other grants Caesar triumphs in Fabius and his nephew Quintus Pedius 92 . Again, this is a departure from the uses that retain the overall Phen375 triumph with the imperium and not to his lieutenants. Caesar appointed dictator for ten years, is now the center of power, he recreates the strength of the Senate, shall remove a few senators in charge of extortion in their provinces, and enter therein the Cisalpine Gauls and Spaniards, the first one that marks the beginning of the promotion of provincial. He calls himself the magistrates except the tribunes of the plebs and the plebeian aediles, elected yet, and designate consuls charge for a few days only. Get a title, an advantage or a dependent for its approval. Thus Cicero in speeches filled with adulation when he describes Caesar’s clemency of “divine” is pardoned many of his friends 93 . Cicero proposes to award honors to Caesar, the other senators after an escalation in increasingly excessive. Caesar and receives the name of Liberator and the title of Imperator transmissible to his descendants, though no longer a child 94 . He reformed the calendar , it renames the months of Quintilis its name 95 . Pompey had the honor of carrying the emblems of triumph, purple and laurel wreath, when celebrating the games in Rome. Caesar received the same honor, but permanent, and can sit on a chair with gold-plated. Privileges granted by the senators are up extravagance, such as permission to have intercourse with any woman he wants 96 . For the historian Dio Cassius , senators act iPhone Unlock on the side of flattery, or ridicule. More worrying, according to Plutarch, best auto insurance it is for some a ploy to discredit Caesar and render him odious, and prepare more excuses to attack one day 91 . The plot By naming himself the superior magistrates, Caesar stops the cycle corrupting campaign funded by the ruinous financial extortion in the provinces, and finally relieves the burden of these, but this reduces the profits of the brewers of money are the publicans and replaces political competition by an arbitrary and outrageous flattery which raise objections: for the year 44 BC. BC , Caesar refers to Antony as consul Marcus Junius Brutus and Cassius as lenders . According to Plutarch, the disappointment of Cassius who hoped the consulate is one of the reasons that led him to plot. All Roman historians describe him as the chief instigator of the plot against Caesar. Cassius gradually gathers a coterie of opponents, locksmiths former Pompeian pardoned by Caesar, but also note the modern historians of Caesareans who served in the Gallic Wars 97 . scrabble word finder The latter probably fear that the military expedition against the Caesar prepares Parthians to be followed by a return by the Scythia and Germania 98 . The plotters sought by Marcus Junius Brutus, the symbolic head ideal: it is named after the mythical Brutus who drove Tarquin the Proud , the last king who ruled Rome as a tyrant. Nephew and admirer of Cato, Brutus, often taken for stoic but actually much closer to the Academy 99 could be in addition to his philosophical convictions reasons to act against a “tyrant.” He married Porcia , Cato’s daughter and widow of Bibulus , and therefore it is the moral heir of the last Republicans. However, Caesar was loaded with favors and named urban praetor . The plotters then lead a psychological approach: they dot every day the court presided over Brutus anonymous messages that call on
the hunter King Brutus: “Brutus, you sleep, you’re not the real Brutus! “. Then Cassius convinces Brutus to act against Caesar. Present Brutus as the instigator of the conspiracy against Caesar can unite other opponents 100 . Rumors of conspiracy come to Caesar, who does not care, saying that he is aware, or even jokes when we informed him that Brutus conspired, Caesar replies, biting “It can wait the end of this carcass! ” . On 14 February 44 BC. BC , the Senate gives to Caesar the perpetual dictatorship. Its power is now unlimited, even the intercessio tribunes can not be exercised on his imperium . Any hope of an abdication like Sylla and a return to the Republic before the war disappears. Cesar takes on surprising decisions: he decreed a general amnesty, and dismisses his bodyguard 101 . Another inconsistency in the eyes of Roman historians, Caesar disregards the omens  : warnings of soothsayers, warning for the period until the Ides of March , the nightmare of his wife Calpurnia the eve of the ides 102 . At most, learning the adverse signs observed on the victims offered in the preliminary meeting in the senate, Caesar decides martial arts denver to take no important decision that day 103 . Caesar’s death

The Death of Caesar by Karl von Piloty “Metellus he discovered the top of the shoulder: it was the signal. Casca struck the first of his sword “(Plutarch)

Death of Caesar by Vincenzo Camuccini , 1798 “He had defended himself, said to be against the other, and dragged his body from side to side, uttering loud cries. But when he saw Brutus on him the sword in his hand, he covered the head of her dress “(Plutarch) The conspirators have planned their attack on the Ides of March (15 March in the year 44 BC. ) at the beginning of the meeting of the Senate in the Curia Pompeii on the Champ de Mars. Caesar is one question, which accompanies Caesar Mark Antony is drawn away by false canvassers, while Caesar is surrounded by the group of conspirators. Metellus ensures that Caesar bears no protection, and all assail him: he fell pierced with 23 stab wounds 104 . The final blow comes from Brutus . Caesar’s last words were for the latter, in Greek, not Latin as it is said in modern times “  You too, my son  , ” 104 . No less than eleven ancient authors have reported the attack, with more or less detail 104 , 105 . If the fact is well known, the analysis of its causes is difficult. Officially, the conspirators were removed to prevent Caesar to become king and to save the Republic. The charge of aspiring to royalty was the trial for almost conservative Roman ritual to remove any politician too favorable to popular demands 106 . Roman writers identified as so many clues that can support this suspicion: There are rumors saying that Caesar would receive the title of king on his expedition in gov grants the East, because according to the prophecy of the Sibylline Books , only a king could conquer the Parthians 107 . Back of Alba, Caesar was hailed king by the name of his supporters, which agitates the crowd. He replies that it is not called King but Caesar, and it continues on its way dissatisfied 108 . When senators come to the platform of the forum to announce new honors they voted him, he does not rise, disrespect to the Senate 109 . February 15, the Feast of Lupercalia , Antony offers Caesar the crown royal, as it pushes to the cheers of the crowd. Antony insists, and the refusal of payday loan Caesar is again applauded. Caesar wear this crown to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus 110 . One morning there are statues of Caesar’s crowned royal diadem. Two tribunes of the people involved, the kidnap and arrest of Caesareans who hailed Caesar named king. Caesar responded by dismissing the tribunes 111 . Plutarch says that Caesar wanted to destroy the Republic and become King 112 . Among the modern historians, Jerome Carcopino following this notice 98 , and Joel Schmidt 113 sees this list as many actions intended by Caesar to gauge opinion on the Roman idea of the crowned king. Other modern historians are more cautious in the interpretation of the elements mentioned by Plutarch wedding rings and Suetonius: for Marcel Le STD Test Glay , it is payday loan difficult to separate fact and rumor, and if Caesar did not want himself royalty, some around him wanted it, and the Romans believed, or pretended to believe it has 98 . Christol and Nony recall that Caesar “always knew how to deceive its true intentions” and consider that this problem is insoluble 114 . Moreover, Ronald Syme believes that this problem “does not have to be made. Caesar was killed for what it was, not for what he could have become. By coating the dictatorship for life, it seemed eliminate any hope of returning to a normal and constitutional government. This was unbearable, the future clogged. ” 115 . But Suetonius complicates analysis of the end of Caesar by opening another track 116  : Caesar’s death he would have wanted. Again, Suetonius produces its indices: according to some of his parents, he would not have to live more, and would have preferred to die rather than conspiracy to always be on guard at a banquet with Lepidus car transport , to the philosophical question about the kind of end that you prefer, Caesar replied “sudden and unexpected” 117 the dismissal of his personal guard, a month before, which exposed without protection indifference to the warnings about plots, and predictions adverse Modern historians have developed this thesis 118 , justifying the attitude of Caesar by his perception of the disease decreased. However, preferences for a brief and sudden death are commonplace after all, and according to Régis Martin 119 , Caesar’s belief in chiropractic marketing its protective chance ( Fortuna ) and his certainty that its loss would cause a civil war may also explain his conduct. Funerals and wills Caesar in his will appointed three heirs, the small son of her sisters, namely Octave , Lucius Pinarius Scarpus and Quintus Pedius . He left three-quarters of his inheritance in the first and the remaining quarter to the other two. In the last clause of his will, Caesar adopted Octavian, the future emperor Augustus , and gave him his name. Finally, he bequeathed to the Roman people his gardens near the Tiber , and three hundred sesterces a head 120 . On March 20, a pyre was erected on the Champ de Mars , near the grave of his daughter Julia, and we imagine clearly the ‘dramatic effect of this proximity. The body of Caesar, lying on a bed of ivory hung with purple and of gold , was first placed in a gilded chapel, built on the forum , in front of the rostrum. In his head, his gown was exhibited on a bloody trophy. As the body lay, face to the sky, and could not be seen, they raised over him a life-size effigy of wax, so the crowd could watch twenty-three injuries (thirty-five by other authors ) that had been brutally inflicted on the body and face. To mark the ignominy of this crime, Marc Antoine was read, by way of funeral oration, the list of honors that were conferred on Caesar, and the oath which had been lent the senators to defend his life. They sang verses of which were returning, to arouse compassion, a quotation from the Judgement of Arms of Pacuvius  : “Should I save them Bankruptcy for them to become my murderers? “(Given the leniency which Caesar had stubbornly demonstrated with respect to Brutus , was particularly well chosen). capsized by the skilful and pathetic stage, the angry crowd piled around the bier of wood torn from the neighboring shops and all that came to hand to build a bonfire of apotheosis, as it did a few years spa covers ago for the funeral of Clodius . The veterans of his legions threw their weapons and some women jewelry they wore. The Jews , who did not forget that Caesar allowed them to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem by Pompey killed, met several nights around the tomb to mourn. It is said that when Caius Matius organized funeral games in July – 44 on the occasion of the anniversary of his birth, a comet began to shine in the sky (also evidenced by the appearance Chinese astronomers) and the Etna erupted, making his death a cosmic upheaval. At the location where he was cremated, his grand-nephew and adopted son, the future Augustus , erected a temple. Nowadays, it sometimes comes from very far to lay some flowers, a poem, a candle and keep the memory of those who wanted to be “the first in Rome” … The commemorative plaque by the city for visitors , borrowed from Appian 121 his account of the event: ‘… And brought him back to the Forum, where stood the ancient palace of the kings of Rome, the plebeians gathered all the objects of wood and all banks which overflowed the Forum, and all sorts of other things like, then over abundant put the ornaments of the procession, many brought with them much yet crowns and military decorations: then they lit the pyre and spent the night with him in crowds, this is a first altar was built, and now is the temple of Caesar, who does one judge, deserves to be honored as a god … ” Related article: funeral rites of the Roman religion . After Caesar

Extent of the territory of the Roman Republic under the rule of Caesar. Yellow, his conquests The plot did not achieved its goals because the consul Mark Antony was spared at the request of Brutus 122 , and Lepidus , who was stationed with troops near Rome, and Octavian, who was in Epirus, was out of reach. However, the attack against Caesar guided the contenders to succeed him on what to do: they made ​​a symbolic strike the dictatorship of the Roman magistrates, and replaced by a triumvirate five years . The leniency policy had proved suicidal risk, the triumvirs began a wave of bloody proscriptions, followed by 14-year civil war against the assassins of Caesar, against Sextus Pompey , then between triumvirs. Octave won the day in 31 BC . AD , and became Augustus , sole and absolute master of the Empire. He confirmed and continued the reforms begun by Caesar, organizing a peaceful Empire, stabilized and managed with more equity. As Augustus and most emperors after him, Julius Caesar was deified after his death. Julius Caesar writer

 

Edition of 1783 of Comments on the Gallic War Caesar was not only a great general and a great statesman, he also excelled in public speaking and writing. Various writings that he had made, we only have his comments ( Commentarii rerum gestarum ): De Bello Gallico , “  Comments on the Gallic War  , “recounting the campaign of Caesar in Gaul 123 . Ciuil Bello , “  Comments on the Civil War  , “chronicling the civil war against Pompey. These works constitute the model of the kind of historical memories, even casino if their objective is debated by historians. Indeed, these works are political propaganda of Caesar, and therefore its accuracy can be questioned 124 , 125 . It usually attached, even if the following works were probably written by Aulus Hirtius  : Bello Alexandrino , “On the Alexandrian war,” recounting the campaign of Caesar to Alexandria . Bello Africo , “On the African War,” recounting the campaign of Caesar in North Africa . Hispaniensis Bello , “On the war in Hispania”, describing the campaign of Caesar in the Iberian peninsula . Caesar also wrote in -45 ‘s Anticato , reply to the eulogy that Cicero auctions online spoke in favor of Cato of Utica , “The Last Republican.” This book, now lost, is known by quotations from Cicero ( ad Atticum , 13, 50, 1), Tacitus ( Annals , 4, 34), Suetonius ( Caesar , 56, 3), Plutarch ( Caesar , 54) , Appian, Dion Cassius, and Juvenal. Finally, and most curiously, he wrote a treatise on grammar From analogia , in two books, in which he outlined the theories of reasoned grammatical analogy (hence the title of the book), and a poem called the Travel . Caesar also seems to have written several essays in his youth ( praise of Hercules , a tragedy of Oedipus , a remarkable book of words ), but Augustus banned publications, after the dictator’s death 126 . According to historian Pierre Grimal , these three lost works were probably written in Greek 127 . The legacy of Cesar

Political reforms Julius Caesar became dictator takes some administrative reforms a generation ago by the previous dictator Sulla . Again, we must adapt the institutions to the extension of Roman power resulting from the conquests in the East and in Gaul, and offer loads his supporters: further increase in the number of prosecutors: Quaestors spend 20 to 40, the lenders from 8 to 16, the city fathers are now 6. Consuls are always two, but the appointment of consuls in addition suffects two consuls eponymous can have more candidates for functions proconsular . Caesar appoints direct half of the magistrates, and recommends candidates for the other half 128 . reconstitution of staff of the Senate, the loss of civil war are offset by the massive incorporation of new members, including provincial Gallic and Spanish, increasing to 800 or 900 the number set by Sylla to 600 senators 129 . For the administration of provinces , Caesar wants to avoid the mandates of five years he practiced as well as Pompey and it limits the tenure of Governor: One year propraetor , two years for a proconsul 130 . The organization of municipalities is specified by an Italian framework law, a copy of electronic cigarettes which reached us, the Tables of Heraclea . These reforms will be kept by Augustus , she will have a large elite necessary for the administration of an empire . The architectural

The Forum of Caesar , inaugurated in 46 BC. AD , the temple of Venus Genetrix The activity of the builder of Caesar appears several times in his political career. Each time, his accomplishments, always spectacular, are intended to enhance the reputation and popularity. At the end of the Gallic Wars in 51 BC. BC , Caesar began his campaign for a future application to the consulate. Pompey built the first Roman theater stone in Rome and a new senate a few years ago. Caesar in turn launches a prestigious public San Diego Homes For Rent building project: a new forum , north of the old, opening his side is on the Argiletum . It is funded by the spoils of Gaul, and begins with the purchase of land for a sum of one hundred million sesterces Suetonius as 131 . This Forum Julium follows a plan similar to the forum Pompeii dating from the same period: locksmiths a long rectangular plaza enclosed by a wall lined with porticoes , at the bottom of which stands the temple of Venus . According to Appian , the dedication of the temple would have followed the wishes of Caesar to raise a temple to Venus Victorious he was victorious at Pharsalia 132 . In front of this temple, he was represented by an equestrian statue 128 . This new forum creates an original architecture combining the agora Hellenistic and Roman temple on podium , formula be adopted by all the imperial forums later. Undisputed master of Rome from 46 BC. BC , Caesar was now all the means of its policy. It begins with occasional adjustments for games celebrating his triumph: expansion of the ends of the circus, building a stadium for the wrestlers on the field of Mars, digging a pond on the banks of the Tiber for a naumachia 133 . The work on the old forum are the reconstruction of the curia Hostilia , burned in 52 BC. AD by the followers of Clodius Pulcher . Other more ambitious projects are envisaged: the construction of the largest basilica in Rome on the site of the old basilica Sempronia , building a temple of Mars, and a second theater in stone 134 . All these projects will be suspended during the civil wars. Octavian became Augustus will lead to an end by completing the great Basilica Julia and the Theatre of Marcellus , and by dedicating a temple of Mars the Avenger . The reorganization of Rome To relieve an overcrowded Rome, Caesar pushes the boundaries of administrative and expands the perimeter of the sacred pomerium a Roman mile (1.5 km) of ancient walls of the city 135 . This measure was hardly sufficient, since Augustus expands the scope still a generation later by creating the 14 regions of Rome. Also for the management of Rome, Caesar is identifying the urban population, according to a new and original method: the citizens are no longer called by tribes to pass before the census offices. The census was organized neighborhood by neighborhood, and they are the owners of rental properties that must report their tenants. The method had to be efficient, because the resume Auguste 136 . Without specifying the results of this count, Suetonius says that he brought down from 320 000 to payday loan 150 000 the number of beneficiaries of free distribution of wheat introduced by Clodius Pulcher in 58 BC. AD . A final bill of Caesar to improve a little traffic in a city with narrow streets and congested traffic banned from day to any vehicle wheel, except tanks processional ceremonies and carts for entrepreneurs necessary for urban sites. This law was passed after the death of Caesar, and remained in hcg diet reviews force for centuries, demonstrating its necessity 135 . For Caesar, the Roman night was reserved for the transit of goods to the chagrin of the sleepers, and the recriminations of Martial and Juvenal 137 . Currencies

Denarius of Caesar issued -44 (ref. Cohen22). Venus standing holding a Victory The civil war led by Cesar impose high financial need, to keep more and more legions, who move from one sector to another of the Empire. It thus acquires from 49 BC. JC a mint after his travels in theaters of operation, and strikes the monetary species which has a growing need. This practice is not new, the Roman Senate had authorized for large expeditionary forces of Lucullus or Pompey in the East 138 , but Caesar’s arrogance by taking the gold reserves of the Republic 139 . Moreover, Caesar brings two major innovations that serve the policy electronic cigarette that his successors Octavian and Mark Antony perpetuate, and institutionalized in the Roman Empire: the coinage of gold the representation of his portrait on coins Rome had issued gold coins temporarily, mainly in the most difficult moments of the Second Punic War , and by drawing on reserves of precious metals hoarded by the Senate 140 . The issuance of aureus renews with the idea to draw on reserves to save the Republic. In addition, the high value of that currency (one aureus for 25 pence silver or 100 sesterces ) facilitates significant rewards to the soldiers of Caesar and contributes to their prestige. The patterns that appear on coins issued by Caesar participate in its propaganda in addition to its name or portrait, the first under the Republic, are mainly the following reasons 141  : Venus , profile or foot, that Caesar has as its ancestor, the theme is the most common 142  ; accessories of worship, reminiscent of his piety and his qualities of augur and pontifex maximus  ; of Victories , military signs, and trophies of victory against the Gauls. Related articles: aerarium , Roman coin and Roman economy . The calendar Related article: Julian calendar . The functions of Pontifex Maximus Caesar performed by included website hosting fixing the beginning of each year. Caesar builds to reform the Roman calendar , so that the average length of the year is exactly 365.25 days, the best approximation known at the time in the West. It gives its name to the Julian calendar . The Roman historian Suetonius says this change in the schedule made ​​by Caesar: “He paid the year on the course of the sun, and wrote three hundred and sixty-five days by removing the intercalary month, and increasing from one day every fourth year. For this new order of things could start with the first of January of the following year, he added two more months, between November and December, which was that this reform, and so it was fifteen months, with the old intercalary month, which, as usual, was presented this year. ” 95 . The title of Caesar Main article: Caesar (title) . The name of Caesar, made ​​by Octavian as the adopted son of J. Caesar later became a title that carried all the emperors and the Roman princes, though strangers to the family of the Caesars. He was then assigned to the heirs apparent of the empire, which became a usage rule from Diocletian . Since that time the emperors took the title of Augustus and were joined with the title of Caesar, a prince who was to succeed them. The name of Caesar gave the word “  Kaiser  “in German , and the word “  Tsar  “(or” Czar “) in Russian and Bulgarian . Origin of the name Caesar

Pliny the Elder claimed that the nickname of Caesar could come from the fact that the ancestors of Caesar was born by caesarean section ( Caesar, aris  : child born by incision) 143 . However, and despite what Pliny the Elder, the birth of Caesar himself cesarean is unlikely, because his mother lived twenty years after his birth. A folk tradition posits that it was following a feat accomplished during the First Punic War by a representative of the people Julia, who was defeated in a fight an elephant of the Carthaginian army, by cutting his knees, one would have honored the name of Caesor “slicer”. Then the term Punic Kesar , “elephant”, gave Caesar , and the nickname became hereditary. The discovery of coins issued at the beginning of the Civil War, representing an elephant trampling a serpent (or Carnyx) above the name “Caesar” seems to back this up. This ancestor would be proud to place around 250 BC. AD . But the first member of the gens Julia to be registered as historically reliable is Sextus Julius Caesar , who was praetor in 208 BC. AD . A final assumption made ​​by Sextus Pompeius Festus 144 considers that the first Caesar of the people Julia would have been so named because of abundant hair, Latin caesarea . The Latin author Spartianus in his book Life of Aelius 145 , is a martial arts denver synthesis of the various possible origins of the name Caesar “The speculation that has led the Denver Divorce Lawyer name of Caesar, the only title ever carried the prince whose life I write, I apparently have to be reported, I would say that, in the opinion of the most learned scholars and authors this word is that the first who was named was killed in a fight an elephant, an animal called Caes in the language of the Moors, or of what he had to give him the day to his mother, who had died before giving birth, caesarean operation called, or what he was born with long hair, or, finally, that his eyes were a blue sky and an extraordinary vivacity. But we must proclaim the need happy, whatever it was, to create a name became so famous, and will last forever in the world. ” The family of Caesar

[Show] Family tree of Julio-Claudian   His parents Articles: Gaius Julius Caesar III and Aurelia Cotta . The father of Julius Caesar, Gaius Julius Caesar III , born about 135 BC. AD and died in 85 BC. AD , is the son of Gaius Julius Caesar II . Born into a patrician family with several consuls ( Sextus Julius Caesar II and III Sextus Julius Caesar ) perform during his life the duties of quaestor ( 99 BC. or 98 BC. ) , praetor ( 92 BC. ), then governor of Asia ( 91 BC. ). He died suddenly of natural causes in Pisa in 85 BC. AD 19 . His mother Aurelia Cotta , born in 120 BC. AD and died in 54 BC. BC or 53 BC. AD 146 , came from a patrician family and consular (his three brothers were consuls). For Tacitus 16 and Plutarch 147 , it embodies the matron Roman copy through education and dedication she brings to her children and her family and especially his son 148 . Widowed in 85 BC. AD , it does not remarry and continues to live with it. Her sisters With the exception of Caesar, Gaius Julius Caesar III and Aurelia Cotta had two other children, two daughters, Julia Caesaris “Maior” (the old) and Julia Caesaris “Minor” (the young). Information about Julia Caesaris ” Maior “are few. Suetonius confirms the existence of the latter as it would in his part in the prosecution of Clodius Pulcher prosecuted for sacrilege and adultery 149 . She had at least one son, as different authors mention the part reserved for the child in the will of Caesar 120 , 150 . Caesaris Julia “Minor” was born in 101 BC. AD electronic cigarette and died in 51 BC. AD 151 . She married Marcus Atius Balbus, a native of Aricia and is the mother of Balba Caesonia Atia and Octavian’s grandmother, to be adopted by Caesar and become Emperor Augustus . His wives Articles: Cossutia , Cornelia Cinna , Sulla Pompeii and Calpurnia Pisoni . According to Suetonius , Cossutia was the first Caesar’s wife, whom he divorced to marry Cornelia (mother of his daughter Julia ) for political reasons, “and although the groom had, STD Test from childhood to Cossutia, a Single family horse, but very rich, he divorced her to marry Cornelia, daughter of Cinna, who had been four times consul ( dimissa Cossutia quae familia equestrian sed admorum dives praetextato desponsata Furat … ) ” 1 , 152 . Examination of the few sources and compilation of studies on the subject leads to clear the following hypothesis. Caesar, having just put on the toga virilis , married Cossutia, from a wealthy family of the equestrian order, between July 85 av. BC -July 84 av. BC (probably at the instigation of his parents for financial reasons, the family is not especially rich) and divorced the following year, in the consulship of Lucius Cornelius Cinna , he married the daughter, Cornelia (a personnel choices reflecting a policy direction that has never wavered thereafter, Caesar, though still very young, having become the head of the family on the death of his father). Plutarch, for his , does not provide a satisfactory solution, because his account of the life of Caesar has some inconsistencies: “In the back of his quaestor, he married his third wife Pompeii and had to Cornelia, his first wife, a daughter , who later was married to the great Pompey. “The move is a contradiction that Napoleon III had raised in his time 2 . Finally, if Pompeia Sylla is the third wife of Caesar, and Cornelia first, Plutarch does not mention the identity of his second wife. It seems more likely that Cornelia was the second wife of Caesar and Cossutia first. In 68 BC. BC , having served as quaestor in Hispania, Caesar married Sulla Pompeii , as his first wife Cornelia died the year before 153 . Five years later, in 63 BC. BC , Caesar was elected pontifex maximus and decides to divorce following the supposed relations between his wife and a young patrician, Clodius Pulcher . Finally, in wow gold 59 BC. BC he married Calpurnia Pisoni with which he remained associated until his death in 44 BC. AD . His children Articles: Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar) , Ptolemy XV , and Auguste . Cornelia Cinna gave him his only legitimate child 154 , a daughter named Julia , who was born in 83 BC. BC or 82 BC. AD and married Pompey in 60 BC. AD . She died in 54 BC. AD . During his stay in Egypt, Caesar has relationships with Cleopatra VII who give birth later (around 47 BC. or, more probably around 44 BC. ) d a child, Ptolemy XV said Caesarion . However, the paternity of this child to Caesar is discussed by historians 3 and already seems to be the subject of controversy shortly after the dictator’s death 155 . Caesarion was murdered a young age (15 or 17 years) by Octavian (later Augustus ), the adopted son of Caesar and the first Roman emperor . In 46 BC. BC , Caesar, without Wire Cart Covers legitimate offspring, adopted his grand-nephew Octavian by Testament which, according to the Roman custom in cases of adoption, is now known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian). He later became Augustus , first emperor of Rome. Finally, Caesar may be the father of Brutus , he would have had with Servilia Caepio in 85 BC. AD . Indeed, Plutarch in his work, Life of Brutus , Caesar’s reported goodwill towards the latter 156 and the belief he had acquired dui attorney chicago to be the natural father, the child was born during the time he attended Servilia Caepio 157 . The amorous conquests of Caesar

Women in the Roman high society Main article: Servilia Caepio . According to the Roman historian Suetonius , Caesar seduced many women throughout his life, especially those from the Roman high society 158 . He would have won Postumia, the wife of Servius Sulpicius , Lollia, the wife of Aulus Gabinius , and Tertulla, the wife of Marcus Crassus . He seems to have also attended Mucia, the wife of Pompey, 158 . Caesar has special relations with Servilia Caepio , mother of Brutus, he seemed particularly enjoy 158 . Thus, Suetonius reports and present the various benefits offered to his beloved, including a magnificent pearl valued at six million sesterces 158 . Servilia’s love to Caesar was publicly known in Rome 159 . Caesar’s penchant for the pleasures of love seems also indicated by these few lines sung by his soldiers, during his triumphal return to Rome from his campaigns in Gaul, and reported by Suetonius 160  : “Citizens, watch your women we bring a bald adulterer You have fornicated with gold in Gaul borrowed from Rome. ” The queens life insurance quotes online Articles: Cleopatra VII and Eunoe (Queen of Mauretania) . Caesar love relationships with Eunoe , wife of Bogud , king of Mauretania 161 . However, his relationship with Cleopatra VII has been more famous. Suetonius reports that Caesar sailed up the Nile with the Egyptian queen 162 and brought him to Rome in the closing honors and present 163 . It is also a good way for him to take Egypt, where three legions are Bankruptcy present, and whose role in the supply of cereals in Italy starts to become dominant. The fact is that Cleopatra is present in Rome at the time of the assassination of Caesar and she quickly returned to his country after the murder. The health of Caesar

According to the Greek historian Plutarch, Caesar’s health was fragile, it is indeed subject to frequent headaches and attacks of epilepsy 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 . The weakness of Caesar and his poor health also appear to be attested by Suetonius 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 . However, Suetonius also stresses the endurance of Caesar walking or swimming during his campaigns 172 . Other authors report, meanwhile, malaise occurred at the end of his life 173 , 174 . However, Caesar could not control as effectively as his troops in Gaul he had been in poor health. Whatever the illness affecting, it seems to have proven that late. The certificates of the “epilepsy” date only the last years of his life (in Thapsus and perhaps Munda ). Had it been otherwise, Cicero, who did not wear his heart, no one would certainly not deprived of the attack on the subject as he did about an alleged affair with King Nicomedes IV of Bithynia. In addition, it must be remembered that the diagnosis of disease did not obey the same criteria today and symptoms resembling those described by Plutarch very imprecise and Suetonius may be due to many other causes ( hypoglycaemia , malaise vagal , blow on the head, tumors etc.).. Some of these conditions can also be accompanied by an alteration of behavior and it seems that this was the case in recent months that Caesar went to Rome before being assassinated. Reading these documents, which were not written by contemporaries, does not reach definitive conclusions. It is also likely that a screening of the sources of the time was operated by Augustus , censoring anything that was not within the scope of its propaganda (including and especially the works of Caesar, other than comments ) . Caesar died between 56 and 58, which is an honorable age and a long life for the time. The tumultuous life he led, will surely have left its mark, since it does not spare. Clumsiness According to tradition, Julius Caesar was left handed , but this assertion is belied by Pierre-Michel Bertrand 175 . Works inspired by the life of Caesar

Middle Ages

Caesar, king of diamonds, a remnant of the series of Nine Heroes Julius Caesar is one of the most prominent historical figures of world culture. Its popularity continues to grow at the xii th  century with the spread of the pattern of Neuf Preux , or nine historical figures who embody the mythical ideal of the king knight. This tradition still exists the King of tiles of our card games. The facts of the Romans at the beginning of xiii th  century , is the first biography in French devoted entirely to Caesar, inspired by the works of Caesar himself, Lucan , Suetonius and Sallust  , this text also uses historical processes borrowed from the novel or the epic , and will have a great influence on the image of Caesar in the Middle Ages. From the Renaissance to the modern age

Statue of Julius Caesar performed by Nicolas Coustou in 1713 Cesar inspired William Shakespeare , one of his most famous tragedies, Julius Caesar , probably around 1599, published for the first time in the folio of 1623 . The Death of Caesar , a tragedy in three acts, written by Voltaire in 1731 , published in 1736 and represented the 29  August  1743 by the French Theatre . The work on Gallica Julius Caesar in Egypt , opera of Handel , was established in London in 1736 at the Haymarket Theatre . Many of the sculptures are, including: Julius Caesar , the foot sculpture made ​​of marble in 1713 by Nicolas Coustou ppi claim and François Girardon in the yard at Puget Louvre . Julius Caesar , of Ambrogio Sydney , exposed to the Tuileries gardens . Caesar and Cleopatra , a play created in 1898 by George Bernard Shaw . Cell Phone Accessories Modern works Julius Caesar is at the pinnacle of power in 1959 a recurring character in the comic strip Asterix , creating a humorous view (but not ridiculous) to be a constant in French public representation of Caesar. In film, he was entitled to epic films of burlesque French achievement: in 1982 , two at a quarter before Christ where he is played by Michel Serrault in Asterix and Obelix against Caesar in 1999 where he is played by Gottfried John and its consequences: Mission Cleopatra in 2002 ( Alain Chabat ) and Asterix at the Olympic Games in 2008 engagement ring ( Alain Delon ). Conversely, the Anglo-Saxon directors are more dramatically, especially in the many film versions of Cleopatra  : in 1945, Caesar and Cleopatra , British film directed by Gabriel Pascal , where Claude Rains plays the role of Caesar In 1953, Julius Caesar , film directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz , based on the play by William Shakespeare , with Louis Calhern in the title role. in 1963 Cleopatra in Joseph L. Mankiewicz , with Rex Harrison in the role of Caesar in 2002, Julius Caesar (Gaius Julius) goes to the small screen, directed by Uli Edel in 2005, the television series Rome , co-produced by HBO and the BBC , traces (in some historically correct, although simplified) his career as a dictator, his role is played by Ciarán Hinds . Countless historians have undertaken biographies of Julius Caesar, include Jerome Carcopino , Joel Schmidt , Robert Stephen and Max Gallo among contemporaries. His life was taken in a more romanticized by Colleen McCullough . Citations

Several phrases attributed to Julius Caesar rose to posterity: “Men believe what they want” 176 . “I’d rather be first in a village than second in Rome,” 177 . “Caesar’s wife must not be suspected” 178 . “  Alea is jacta . (The die is cast) 179 ,  ” 180 “  Veni, vidi, vici  ” . (I came, I saw, I conquered) 82 “  You quoque mi fili  ” . (You too my son) 104 Portraits

Out of nearly two hundred portraits representing Caesar, only twenty to twenty-five are old and only two are considered as a representation of his life: a portrait of the archaeological museum of Turin discovered at Tusculum in 1825 and a portrait of the Museum of Arles discovered in 2007 in the Rhône , including the identification Caesar does not, however, unanimously 181 . The characteristics of these two portraits, highly individualized, and are between 50 and 44 BC. AD in the last years of the dictator. A distinction is made in both cases an elongated neck, marked by several folds, protruding Adam’s apple, small eyes sunken, the offset arrangement of the ears, the wrinkles of old age and expression (the fossa supra-thyroid is a relatively rare individual mark), baldness Advanced masked by a lock of hair brought forward, the same organization last locks of hair on the temples. The design profile casino is identical in both representations. Other ancient portraits of Caesar, two representations have become “canonical” famous in the Augustan period which set up the propaganda and the official image of the deceased: the Museum Chiaramonti the Vatican and of the Camposanto of Pisa . In both cases, the face is elongated, angular, his cheeks are hollow, the lips, the fringe horizontal erases all memory of baldness.

Museum of Arles

Vatican Museum, Rome

National Archaeological Museum, Naples

marble bust found in Pantelleria (Sicily) Chronology

His life   Its magistrates [Show] Consul of the Roman Republic  ( list )   [Show] Dictator of the Roman Republic  ( list )   Bibliography

: Book used as a source for this article Authors of Antiquity Appian of Alexandria, Civil Wars , Book II Asinius Pollio 182 Aurelius Victor , De Viris illustribus [ read online ] Dio Cassius , Roman History , XXXVII books to XLIV [ read online ] Flavius ​​Josephus , The Antiquities of the Jews [ read online ] 183 Frontinus , The Stratagems [ read online ] of Frontin deal with the military strategy employed by Caesar. </ ref> Nicolas of Damascus , Death of Caesar Plutarch , Life of Caesar [ read online ] Criminal Defense Attorney Chicago Sallust , the Conspiracy of Catiline , Caesar’s Letters Suetonius , Lives of the Twelve Caesars , a book I [ read online ] Velleius Paterculus , Roman History , Book II [ read online ] The book a Life of Caesar , attributed to Julius Celsus , the author almost contemporary, but which is Petrarch . Modern authors Marie-Nicolas Bouillet and Alexis Chassang (ed.), “Julius Caesar” in Dictionary of universal history and geography , 1878 ( Wiki ) C. Iuliia Caesaris Commentariorum in bello Gallico, libri VIII, Civil Pompeiano, lib. III, Alexandrino, lib. I, Africano, Lib. I. Hispaniensis, lib. I. (…). Lugduni , apud Seb. Gryphium ( Lyon , Sebastian Gryphius ), 1547  ; Napoleon I first dictated to St. Helena a Précis of the wars of Caesar , Paris , 1836  ; Napoleon III wrote a History of Relevant Life Policies Julius Caesar , 1865 . [ read online ]; Theodor Mommsen , Roman History , Book V, Foundation of the military monarchy. Jerome Carcopino , Julius Caesar , Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1990; Luciano Canfora , Julius Caesar, dictator Democrat , trans. by Corinne Maier Paul and Sylvie Pittier, Flammarion, Paris, 2001; Marius Paul Martin , Killing Caesar , Complexe, Brussels, 1988; Christian Meier , Caesar , Seuil, Paris, 1989; Max Gallo , Cesar Imperator  ; Yann Le Bohec , Caesar warlord  ; Yann Le Bohec, Caesar , What do I know? No. 1049, hcg diet plan 1994 , p. 128 (note: book translated into Chinese, Swedish, Romanian, Bulgarian and Polish) Jean Malye , the true story of Julius Caesar , Les Belles Lettres, 2007 (translated and annotated texts, very good access to ancient sources); Robert Stephen , Julius Caesar , Fayard, Paris, 1997; Gerard Walter , Cesar , Marabout, 1980; Joel Schmidt , Julius Caesar , Folio Biographies Unreleased, Gallimard, 2005. Horst Eberhard , Caesar, birth of a myth , history marabout, 1981. Will Wolfgang , Veni, vidi, vici. Caesar und die Kunst der Selbstdarstellung. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft / Primus, Darmstadt 2008 (erzählt Geschichte, Vol. 11) ISBN 978-3-89678-333-2 . Michel Rambaud , The Art of the deformation history in Caesar’s Commentaries , 1953.